Author(s): Gosaye Teklehaymanot Zewde
Background: Hypertension clinically defined as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or more on at least two readings on separated time. It is one of the most prevalent non communicable diseases and the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide, due to heart disease and stroke. It is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end stage renal disease and peripheral vascular diseases.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among bank workers in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia 2018.
Methods and material: Institutions based cross sectional study was conducted on 149 Bank workers in 6 governmental and 19 private banks which were found in Harar Town. Sample was allocated proportionately and study participant was selected by simple random sampling. Collected and checked data were entered in to Epi Data software version 3.02 and exported and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were used to determine prevalence such as frequency, percentage, mean and ratio. Both Bivariate and multiple logistic regressions were used to observe the association between the outcome variable and associated factors. P value less than 0.2 in Bivariate analysis was transferred to multivariate analysis and P value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered as level of statistically significance. Result: The prevalence of hypertension on this study was 27.5 %. Among study participant 6(4%) had diagnosed with hypertension and only 3 (2%) had on treatment and follow- up. 26(17.4%) bank workers BMI Was obsessed. In multivariable logistic regression analysis Age, Sedentary life style and BMI of bank workers had significant association with hypertension.
Conclusion and recommendation: The prevalence of Hypertension in the study was 27.5% Age, Sedentary life style and BMI (Obesity) in this study was positively associated with higher odds of having hypertension. Regular blood monitoring, conducting physical exercise and reduction of Alcohol consumption and street Treatment care and follow-up strategy need to be maintained.
Hypertension clinically defined as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or more on at least two readings on separated time. It is one of the leading causes of global burden of disease. It is being the root cause of many of the body system and organs failure remains to be a major public health challenge globally [1]. It is one of the most prevalent non communicable diseases and the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide, due to heart disease and stroke [2]. Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end stage renal disease and peripheral vascular diseases [3].
Globally, the overall prevalence of Hypertension in adults aged 25 and over was around 40% and was estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths, about 12.8% of the total of all deaths worldwide and the number of people with uncontrolled hypertension increased by 70% between 1980 and 2008 The rising epidemic of hypertension is thought to be due to mechanization, population growth and ageing by 2025 the number of hypertensive people is expected to increase by 60 % and reach 1.56 billion people [4-6]. The prevalence of hypertension varies worldwide in Africa indicated the overall prevalence of hypertension have been increasing since 1990. In adults aged < 20 years, in 1990 the prevalence was 19.1%, in 2000 prevalence were estimated 24.3%,in 2010 with prevalence of 25.9% and it will projected to 25.3% by 2030 [7]. In sub-Saharan Africa estimated in 2008 was 13.7% in rural areas, 20.7% in urban area, 16.8% in males, and 15.7% in women [8]. The pooled prevalence of hypertension among the Ethiopian population was 19.6 % and 20.6 % in male and 19.2% in female. There is no sufficient data in the study area therefore this study was intended to provide compressive and up to date evidence on the prevalence and investigate the associated factors of Hypertension among Bank Workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia.
The study will describe the current situation of HPN in among bank workers in Harar town and it will be helpful for sampled population to know their BP status and for early linked to health institution to management if they have HTN. It will also be important for concerned bodies for prevention and management of hypertension. It will be serving as a base line data for others researchers.
General objective: To assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated factors among bank workers in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia 2018
Specific objective
To identify factor associated with hypertension among Bank workers in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia
Study area and period: The study was conduct in Harar town. Harari region is located in eastern part of Ethiopia, 525 km away from Adiss Abeba capital of Ethiopia. In the region there are 6 governmental and 19 private banks with a total of 25 branches was found. And the total numbers of bank workers was 313, of which 142 were found in governmental and the rest were found on private. The study was conducted from January 12-18/2018 G.C. Study design: Institutional based cross-sectional descriptive study design was used
All Bank workers who are working in Harar town.
Selected Bank workers in Harar town who are alive on their work during data collection period
Bank workers who are volunteer to participate will participate on the study.
Bank workers who are not presented on their work during data collection period.
Sample size determination : Sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula by assuming 5% marginal error and 95% confidence interval (α (alpha) = 0.05) and prevalence of hypertension, which was 19.1 % from study conducted in Addis Abeba [9] and the sample become 237. After calculating finite population correction formula and adding 10 % non response rate the final sample size will be come 149.
Sample technique and procedure: Sample was allocated for each private and governmental Banks based on their number of workers. Simple random sampling was used to select study participants.
Figure 1: Schematic representation of sampling technique for sample selection among bank workers in Harar town, 2018
Socio demographic Variable: Sex, Age, Marital status, Educational level, Job description
Medical history: Parental History of HTN, Previous History of HTN
Dietary and Behavioral Habit: Overweight, Obesity, Salt Consumption, Smoking, Excessive alcohol consumption
Work related risk factors: Sedentary lifestyle, Work schedule, and less physical activity.
A semi- structure questioner was developed by English version after literature review and it was translated into local language and return back to English version to check its consistency. The questioner had 4 parts socio-demographic, Medical History, Hypertension risk assessment and measurements parts. Data was collected by face to face interview and objective data was selected through measuring height, weight, Blood pressure and BMI also calculated.
After data collection, data was cleaned, tabulated, rearranged and checked for its completeness and consistency and it was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. The descriptive statistics was used to determine prevalence such as percentage, frequency and mean. Bivariate analysis was used first to determine the association between dependent and independent variable and multiple logistic regression analysis were used for better prediction of determinants and to reduce bias due to confounders. Variables with P-value less than 0.2 in Bivariate analysis were entered in to multiple logistic regression analysis and P - value less than 0.05 was declared as statistically significant in the final model.
Data Quality Assurance: To assure the quality of the data, properly data collection instrument was developed and pretest on 10 % of the total sample and amendment was done based on it. Questionnaires were translated into local language and training was given for data collector?s supervisor and data entry clerks prior to the study. Every day, the collected data was reviewed for completeness, consistency and legibility. Supervision was frequently made by the supervisors and principal investigator.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical clearance letter was obtained from Harar health Science College Institution Research Ethics Review Committee. Permission was obtained from study institution. All the participants were informed about the purpose, advantages and disadvantages, and there right to be involved or not as well as withdraw any time. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Confidentiality was maintained by avoiding names and other personal identification.
Sedentary life style: A type of life style with little or low physical activity, sitting or lying while reading, socializing etc or using mobile phone / computer for more than 4 hours per day.
is aerobic physical activity less than 10 minutes per day.
Participants who work within 8 hours per day
Extra work schedule: Participants who work more than 8 hours per day
Current daily cigarette smoking: is a person who smokes cigarette one or more days per week
BMI > 30kg/m2 and overweight - 25-29.9 kg/m2
Collecting of data by using mercury sphygmomanometer twice with ten minute difference from different hand while the participant was seated
Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants A of total 149 workers from twenty five bank branches were participated in the study. Majority 90 (60.4%) of study participants were female. The mean age of participants was 33.48 ±26.43 years. Two thirds of them (66.4%) were married while 51 (34.2%) were single. Majority 115 (77.2%) and 69 (46.3%) of respondent was First degree holder and Customer service officer. Regarding service year 69 (46.3) of the study participant were served for less than 5 years (Table 1).
Table 1: Socio demographic characteristic of bank workers in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia, January 12-18/2018
| Sociodemographic variable | Category | Frequency | Percent (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 90 | 60.4 | |
| Female | 59 | 39.6 | ||
| Age | ≤ 24 years | 13 | 8.7 | |
| 25-34years | 96 | 64.4 | ||
| 35- 44years | 31 | 20.8 | ||
| 45 -54years | 7 | 4.7 | ||
| ≥ 55years | 2 | 1.3 | ||
| Marital status | Single | 51 | 34.2 | |
| Married | 96 | 64.4 | ||
| Divorced | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Widowed | 1 | 0.7 | ||
| Educational level | Diploma/level IV | 23 | 15.4 | |
| First degree | 115 | 77.2 | ||
| second degree and above | 11 | 7.4 | ||
| Job description | Manager | 18 | 12.1 | |
| Auditor/Accountant | 15 | 10.1 | ||
| Relationship officer | 11 | 7.4 | ||
| Casher | 5 | 3.4 | ||
| Customer service officer | 69 | 46.3 | ||
| Others | 31 | 20.8 | ||
| Working aria | Working aria | 68 | 45.6 | |
| Non governmental | 81 | 54.4 | ||
| Service years | < 5 years | 69 | 46.3 | |
| 5-10 years | 65 | 43.6 | ||
| 11-15 years | 7 | 4.7 | ||
| 16-20 years | 4 | 2.7 | ||
| >20 years | 4 | 2.7 |
Among study participant 6 (4%) was replied that they had diagnosed HTN in previous time and among those only 3 (2%) started treatment and follow- up. While regarding their parents thirty eight (25.5%) participant Biological parents had history of Hypertension and 95(63.8%) was reported that their parents were Checked their BP previously (Fig 1).
Figure 1: Medical History of bank workers in Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia, January 12-18/2018
From total of participants responding, Forty nine (32.9%) of participants drunk alcohol. Eight (5.4%) were lifetime smokers. Majority of the participants 105 (70.5%) used /added salt to food without tying. Ninety (60.4%) of participant were involved in physical activity and 39 (26.2%) stated that there was conduct exercise every day (Table 2).
Table 2: Behavioral and work related characteristic of bank workers of Harar town, Eastern Ethiopia, January 12-18/2018
| Variables | Category | Frequency | Percent (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drink alcohol | Yes | 49 | 32.9 |
| No | 100 | 67.1 | |
| Smoking | Yes | 8 | 5.4 |
| No | 141 | 94.6 | |
| Add salt to food without tying | Yes | 105 | 70.5 |
| No | 44 | 29.5 | |
| Physical exercise | Yes | 90 | 60.4 |
| No | 59 | 39.6 | |
| Frequency of physical activities | all days of week | 39 | 26.2 |
| 4-6 days of week | 16 | 10.7 | |
| 1-3 days of week | 35 | 23.5 | |
| Daily working time | < 4hours | 11 | 7.4 |
| 4-7 hours | 15 | 10.1 | |
| exactly 8 hours | 37 | 24.8 | |
| >8 hours | 86 | 57.7 |
Among the study subject, 74(49.7%) participants had BMI<25kg/ m2 and 49(32.9%) were overweight while 26(17.4%) were obesity. There mean and SD of BMI 25.41 View PDF
