Author(s): Diane Roessler Weinert
The study will conclude with a way to develop institutional structures implementing Solow’s conceptualization of inter-generalization that can collaborate peace and increase funds for quality water throughout the Middle East. The study integrates quantitative statistical data and defends the argument that every individual has the right to fresh quality drinking water. The study formulates a hypothesis to gain control, offers visibility into the water industry in the Middle East and delivers reliable information. Identify what the commonalities between different sectors were and where synergies lay in terms of governance paths [1]. Machine learning is exploding as an application of narrow AI, used to comb through vast amounts of data to better develop and market product (Capitol Technology). Cultural transparency will be investigated along with how the government manages reluctance and how they build strong relationships. A focus is on building a network of founder’s challenges facing our world today demonstrate how interconnected we are and how the fates of all people are bound up together the outbreak of a virus overseas can cause profound grief and suffering at home. Energy data will be reported to show key metrics and will be compared to countries in the Middle East and measured in amounts of water consumption and renewable energy. “Questions such as these will be answered by world data”, how water is produced by renewable energy”? Conflict a continent away can create endangers our own security. Economic downturns abroad can mean lost jobs and shuttered businesses in towns across the globe [2]. Global climate change worsening hurricanes in the Gulf, floods in the heartland, and wildfires in the West. Because of global warming areas in the world are becoming scarce of potable water for a variety of reasons. Yet what is sure in the oceans is an infinite source of water that is not dependent on rainfall be used to provide potable water for all these drought-stricken regions.
The expertise that US scientists, farmers resource managers, and other experts had developed over decades of intensive colonial expansion and settlement in the desert Southwest was essential to how they and the political allies narrated the special fit with the needs and interests of State builders in the Arabian Peninsula. For among these skills was how to build elaborate irrigation and pumping networks, and a keen understanding of the political and symbolic power of water in the desert [3]. Electricity generation from marine technologies increased an estimated 13% in 2019, which is significantly above the levels of the previous three years [4].
The technology is still not on track to reach the SDS level, which require a 10% annual increase in generation over 2019-30 [4] (table 1).
Table 1: Total Energy Supply, 2018| Total Middle East | 31 375 235 |
| Islamic Republic of Iran | 11 444 635 |
| Saudi Arabia | 8 945 734 |
| United Arab Emirates | 2 650 753 |
| Qatar | 1 635 785 |
| Kuwait | 1 477 439 |
| Oman | 1067169 |
| Bahrain | 599 946 |
Today we have become more advanced, and an investigation will be done to evaluate the results of current theory. The authors investigate current approaches by Rice University. Air conditioning systems provide a constant source of clean, cold water that is well-suited for reuse. In the fall of 2008, Rice began capturing condensate water from the air conditioning systems of the Biosciences Research Collaborative to use as make-up water in the cooling towers of the South Plant. This is a free source of water that Rice otherwise buy from the City of Houston. Combined, these systems are estimated to save at least 12 million gallons of water per year, which is equivalent to about 5 to 6 percent of Rice?s annual water consumption in a typical year. There are more than 400 dual-flush toilets located in several buildings on campus. That is enough water to fill an Olympic-sized swimming pool once every 10 months [5]. Creating a new balance of power and removing the restrictions placed by the unipolar world order: it is in the interest of middle powers and small states that there is a shift from a unipolar world order to a multipolar one. China?s positions are based on respecting national sovereignty and not interfering in internal affairs. Advancing the strategic independency of Middle Eastern countries: considering what analysis describe as a new world order taking shape- the emergence of US and Chinese camps- there is an opportunity for regional countries to advance the strategic independence and to boost the strategic partnerships so that they are not compelled to choose between the two camps or pay part of the price amid a possible cold war [6].
Problems have been encountered on PPP initiatives in Nigeria, especially in the North Central region where PPP infrastructure projects have experienced challenges and failures as a result of stakeholder?s opposition and disagreements arising from the neglect of stakeholder?s interest. Intrastate tension accordingly takes place which eventually increases dispute between riparian countries and expands interstate conflict. Middle East is a vulnerable region to limited water resources, rainfall, and hydro geopolitical tension, to name a few risks [7]. The data on the water demand and supply from water rights to the Jordon River Basin is meant to provide an empirical dimension to the ongoing political dispute. Different plans have been proposed to allocate the River Jordon water among the riparian states [8]. There is a need to develop a conceptual framework upon which an effective strategy to minimize PPP infrastructure projects failure through effective stakeholders? management amidst well designed institutional and regulatory framework and a conducive investment climate.
The most important metrics are uncertainty and volatility. Question
that will be answered in chapter 3 is How long will it take to land
a contract?
• What is the size of the contract?
• What is the duration of the contract?
• What is the deal for obtaining a letter of intent?
• “How much of the world?s or a country?s endowment of
non-renewable resources is fair for the current generation to
use up, and how much should be left for generations to come
who have no active voice in contemporary decisions” [9].
• How can you best include stakeholders in this mathematical
modelling processes distanced from their local realities,
though, and ensure higher probability of future compliance
with top-down global decisions that may have local
consequences once implemented [1].
“How does one design and govern a SWF so it will achieve its
objectives” [9].
• Which governance practices in particular are crucial for
success.
• The current funding for water desalination through the Middle
East is from,
• Prestigious Development
• Building High Tech Projects
• ADB Loan
• Asian Development
• Ministry of Finance
• Production Sharing Agreements
• Exploration and Development
• Cloud Funding
• Blue Bonds
• Bahrain
• Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute
• The World Bank
It takes fine tuning the research as it can change due to crisis such as the pandemic, oil and gas declining, Republican wealth pulling out. When these issues transpire it can destroy relevant intent. The resolution would be for everyone to have a common goal and express the urgence on such a critical issue. Can anyone live without water? Much of the Vision 2030 revolves around the idea of building Saudi Arabia into a global transportation and tourism hub, connecting Europe, Arica and Asia. The spread of SARS Co V-2 has blighted the transport industry: air Travel, for example, is not expected to return to 2019 levels until at least 2023, according to the International Air transport Association. Over time, austerity measures and reduced consumer spending could take a toll on the private sector [10].
The indicators are investment, growth rate, landowners, technology, and unemployment. A concentration on sovereign wealth funds, phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory of case studies, gaps, data networks, high-profile joint agreement, geopolitical, renewable energy, chi square and cosmopolitan. The goal of the article is to design a comprehensive scope with value, synergy, computation, and delivering an innovative approach with artificial and synthetic intelligence. The article is a blueprint for methodology and framework. The study is meant to inform and then after the available material has been saturated it is to recommend future research. The question, “Are there any important links missing and if the strength of relations was correctly represented?” Population, Data Collection Procedures and Rationale
The Middle East partnered with a team from the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) DEVELOP program in 2016 to enlist satellite data as they consider where and what to build next. To find these rainy spots, the team considered such factors as historical precipitation, availability of groundwater, and evapotranspiration- the amount of water evaporating from surface-level vegetation that increases moisture in the atmosphere (Tables 2 and 3) [12].
Table 2: Allocation of the Different Plans and Resources| Vision 2030 red sea Dead Sea | |||||||
| The Water Action Project, Inc Wrap (WRAP) | |||||||
| Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) | |||||||
| Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) | |||||||
| Table 1: Ratio of Water Demand to Supply, Per Capita Water Availability in 1990, 2000, and in 2025, and Population in 2000 and in 2010 in Jordon & Israel [8]. | |||||||
| Country | Ratio of Water Demand to Supply | Total Population (Millions) | Population Growth Rate (annual %) | ||||
| Jordon | 110 | 260 | 143 | 80 | 3 | 3 | |
| Israel | 110 | 470 | 449 | 310 | 2 | 2 | |
| Blueprint Company Alliances Terms Geography | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi PIF_ owned national Water Company (NWC) | Al-Khorayef Alliance French Veolia Saudi Miahona Alliance French Group Saur Philippine Company Manilawater | SR 579 million/7 Years | Riyadh (Arab News, 2021. P.1). |
|
| Red Sea/Dead Sea | Source Water Company | Budget Cut from $50.M to $8.M/% Years | Saudi Arabia (World Finance, 2022.p.1). |
|
| UAE Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 | UAE Energy Strategy 2050 | |||
| UAE Water Security Strategy 2036 | ||||
Since 1946, the United States has provided an estimated total of $346 billion (obligations in current dollars) in foreign assistance to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)region [13,14]. For FY2021, overall bilateral aid requested for MENA countries amounts to $6.6 billion, or about 15% of the State Department?s International Affairs budget request. The State Department estimates that the Middle East stands to receive 42% of the geographical specific assistance in the budget request, more than any other region. As in the previous years, more than 90% support assistance for Israel, Egypt, and Jordon. The region also received a sizable portion of annual emergency humanitarian assistance appropriate, which are not included in region specific aid figures [14]. The important metrics are green power, climate change and renewable energy.
There are agreements with no real terms. Sukuk is being analyzed for financial stability with industrial investing. GDP per-capita, exchange rate, and inflation as the proxies for macroeconomic stability sourced from The World Development index, and dimensions of worldwide governance indicators (WGI) as institutional proxies? source from WGI- World Ban. (POP) variable is included as a control variable. Today, the Sukuk market represents the economy?s wheels and the second- largest Islamic finance industry component after Islamic banking. The government is implementing regulations to force the upgrade into Vision 2030. The Asian Development Bank (2005) revealed that among the essential factors for improving the investment climate are macroeconomic stability and government institutions. Another macroeconomic variable as the volatility factor is that inflation has a negative impact on financial developments. Stable-economic conditions will positively affect the development of the country?s economy and finances. Unstable macroeconomic conditions can be seen from high inflation and a weakening exchange rate that will have a negative impact on the development of the country?s economy and finance. Various measures are used as institutional indicators. have designed the World Governance Indicator (WGI) by reporting aggregate and individual performance indicators; the six dimensions of governance have encountered been adopted by World Bank and, namely voice and accountability, Rule of Law, Regulatory Quality Political Stability and Absence [15]. The World Bank approved US$15 million grant to the Water Security Development-Gaza Central Desalination ProgramAssociated Works Phase 1 Project [16]. Donors have contributed US$43 million and members of the partnership for Infrastructure Development Multi-Donor Trust Fund administered by the Bank, and US60 million in parallel financing from the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development. The project will provide additional fresh water of 30 million cubic meters (MCM) per year to 16 municipalities in the southern and middle governorates of Gaza by supporting the construction and rehabilitation of necessary infrastructure. “Almost everyone in Gaza is relying on water from expensive and unregulated small-scale private providers” [17]. The Abraham Accords- a joint declaration of the United States, Israel, and the United Arab Emirates, was signed alongside a peace agreement, although there has never been a state of war or conflict between Israel and the UAE. Geopolitical changes in the Middle East over the last decade have altered the threat perspective of the Arab monarchies. Israel and the Arab states due to the ignorance of the Palestinians? interests, there are weaknesses of the Accords due to its impatient timing, and its contradiction with the international community, such as the UN, and its disregard of the two-state solution. Israel?s security has always been a building block in the United States ?(US) foreign policy decisions with regards to the Middle East. The Abraham Accords promote the formation of a regional coalition of Israel and the Arab nationsthat are close to the US, and to create a balance of power catalyst other regional powers that have sought to exert influence to the detriment of Western interests [18]. The World Bank supports programs and activities in its member countries designed to achieve a positive social and environmental impact in line with the World Bank?s twin goals of eliminating extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [19].These “twin goals” are aligned with the sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. World Bank bonds are consistent with the sustainability bond guidelines published by the international Capital Markets Association (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. A key priority for the capital markets is to build strategic partnerships with investors to raise awareness for the role of private sector financing in sustainable development (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The International REC Standard is built on a list of rules, regulation and best practices set by The International REC Standard Foundation [20] (table 4-5).
Table 4| Planning Research | Research Design | A Journal Source | Data Collection |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accurate | Topography | Regulatory Framework | De-Securitization |
| State-of-the-Art Water Equipment | White Space | Population Growth | Historical Landowners |
| Relevant | Public | Mitigating Risk | Geopolitical |
| Roadmap | Private | Pro Quest | Geographical |
| Significance | Co-Sharing | Google Scholar | Theoretical Methods |
| Defining Terms | Royal Society | Conflict | |
| Snowball | Stanford | Climate Change | |
| Mangrove | Conflict | ||
| Synthesis | Political Stability | ||
| Coding | Water Governance | ||
| Hypothesis | Sensitive Political | ||
| Maslow?s Theory | Blocks Framework | ||
| Holistic Perspective | |||
| Road Initiative |
| Quantitative Analysis | Defending Proposal |
|---|---|
| Feasibility Study | Long-Term Profitability |
| De-Risking | Memorandum of Understanding |
| No- Project Results | Phenomenology |
| Analyzing | Next Literature Review |
| Chi-Square | |
| Meta-Analysis | |
| Questions | |
| Significance | |
| Rhetoric | |
| Conservatism | |
| Bureaucracy | |
| Significance | |
| Probability | |
| Theory | |
| Flux Coupling Analysis Influence | |
| Grounded Theory |
| Category | Criterion | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| • Coverage | World Bank, 2021, Verified exclusion and inclusion. | A portion of the information has been used. There is still more transparency needed. | Discussed the funding of Vision 2030. | Explained project details and coverage. |
| • Synthesis | ICI Global, (2021), explains desecuritization. | The information assisted in de-risking the Middle East. | Geopolitical and co-sharing have been investigated. | It put the Middle East at a high risk due to geopolitical. |
| 3.Methodology | Randolph, 2009, Recommended methodologies, graphs & tables | Research and theoretical methods discussed. | A portion of research techniques used. | Verified research methods. |
| Academic Review Checklist | Guidelines for the dissertation, and institutional progress. | Research methods. | Writing Style and Composition. | |
| 4.Significance | The Development Sea Company, (2021), Sets new standards for infrastructure and sustainable water. | Quantitative significance to the research study. | Implemented the new findings to the research. | Appropriateness of the information and research methods to verify the relevance of the research |
| 5.Rhetoric | Faudot, 2019, Explains a regime trap. | New standard with regulation. | Obtainable results in commonality such as securing protected marines. | Explained the regulation in detail. |
In Desert Line Projects LLC v Republic of Yemen, which involved an Omani company, the basis of authority was an ICSID clause in the Oman-Yemen BIT 1998, which had been concluded in the Arabic language. In that case, the ICSID Tribune held that the conduct of Yemen is pressuring the Omani investor to accept and execute a settlement agreement, instead of a final and binding Yemeni award , accounted to a breach of a provision of the Oman - Yemen by impressing on both Oman and Yemen a duty to ensure “fair and equitable treatment” for the investments of the other contracting states investors, and to eschew “legally unjustified measures”. The case was in any event discontinued because of a settlement reached between the parties during the proceedings [21].
The Associated Works project will construct a south water carrier, including storage reservoirs to convey and properly blend the above -mentioned desalination water along with water purchased from Mekorot (The Israeli national water company) and groundwater sources [23]. The article, “Desert geopolitics: Arizona, Arabia, and an arid -lands response to the territorial trap”, Lewis and Wigen?s article introduces a “maritime” response to these challenges, stemming from a project supported by the Social Science Research Council called Oceans Connect. The present article takes inspiration from the oceans Connect approach to the challenges of area studies today, as well as the need to rethink the territorially trapped visions of geopolitics beyond the state system [3].
Monitoring and understanding changes in Ecological indicators are needed to support decision-making during the project. NEOM (short for Neo-Mustaqbal) is a $500 billion coastal city megaproject, currently under construction in the northwestern part of the Red Sea, off the coast of Tabuk province in Saudi Arabia, and its success will rely on the preservation of biodiverse marine ecosystems. Ideally. Ecological indicators should be easily understood, quantified in standard units, have an immediate response to changes, measured at adequate frequencies and low costs, and applicable to locations to allow comparisons [24].NEOM, which is short for the Ancient Greek-Arabic term NeoMustaqbal (“New future”), is a $500 by megaproject that aims to build a fully automated city, operating as an independent economic zone in the NRS. It is estimated that around 70% of Saudi Arbia?s drinking water demands are met by desalinated water, and NEOM will rely on desalination plants for freshwater. The process of desalination releases brine as a by-product and can produce harmful pollutants, such as chlorine and copper [24].
The regulation approach, was born in France in the 1970s, influenced by the Marxist theory of growth and capitalist accumulation. One of the aims to the regulation theory is to describe. Regulation theory matches with Marx?s claim that a dynamic of accumulation is intrinsically condemned to a crisis, and that a comprehensive economic analysis of a country includes the analysis of its crisis [25].
A set of social practices constitute the Saudi mode of regulation: “A large public sector employing Saudi natives. Civil servants represent circa 40% of Saudi employees. Saudis represented 94.6% of government sector employees in 2016 while they represented only 16.8% of private sector employees [25].“To smooth public spending, the management of oil revenues between, on the one hand, accumulation of reserves in Central Bank accounts and sovereign wealth funds in a period of soaring prices, and on the other hand fiscal deficits each time it is necessary. The peg of the Royal to the US dollar which guarantees the economic integration to globalization. The SAMA (Saudi Arabia Monetary Authority) intervenes on the exchange market to maintain the peg- which has remained the same since 1986 (1$=3.75SAR); A heavy reliance on contractual immigration for services and low paid jobs, mostly in the private sector [25].
The sector is weakened as soon as the government stops its grants. The mode of regulation is,” the set of procedures and individual and collective behaviors that serve to: reproduce fundamental social relations through the mode of production in combination with historically determined institutional forms. Support and ?steer? the prevailing regime of accumulation [25].Ensure the compatibility over time of a set of decentralized decisions, without the economic actors themselves having to internalize the adjustment principles governing the overall system. “The social and economic patterns that enable accumulation to occur in the long term between two structural crises. These regular patterns are summarized by the notion of an accumulation regime” [25].
Before an investor can commit to a development project, they must understand the culture. When the study delves into geopolitical you will see how important true relevant and accurate knowledge having is. Such as are you without water because it is a religious choice as you find water unnatural?Obviously, in this situation a desalination plant work or you get the community volatile? That is what this study does for you. Its purpose is to bring you the information of making informed decisions with great judgement calls [25].
The research study has gone through transitions. From average rating to escalating it to elevated risk due to geopolitical. The fun part of the research will be in the continuation such as for those Mormons not interested in the water can we assign a protected private Island while developing the rest of the area?The study is the first such analysis that focuses on small-scale conflicts involving little or no physical violence, such as protects or demonstrations. These nonviolent conflicts are politically relevant yet understudied in the literature on climate change and conflict, environmental security, and political stability. The study employs the method of quantitative comparative analysis (QCA) to integrate quantitative and qualitative data at various scales (national, regional, local) for a sample of 34 cases (17 of which experienced conflict onset [26].
Our findings show that pre-existing cleavages and either autocratic political systems or cuts of the water supply are relevant predictors of nonviolent, water-related conflict onset during droughts. The study argues that drought conflict links are highly contextdependent even for nonviolent, local conflicts, hence challenging determinist narratives that claim interlinkages between climate change, hydro-meteorological distances, and conflict. Quantitative data on the regime type currently in power are obtained from Autocratic Regime Data, which is currently the most widely accepted dataset on the presence or absence of autocratic regimes [26].Renewables are the backbone of any energy transition to achieve net zero. As the world increasingly shifts away from carbon emitting fossil fuels, understanding the current role renewables play in the decarbonization of multiple sectors is key to ensuring a smooth pathway to net zero. Future research is recommended in analyzing storage, producing hydrogen from renewable electricity, stimulus packages, aviation biofuels and residential heating [4].
As the world becomes increasingly digitalized, data centers and data transmission networks are emerging as an important source of energy demand [4]. Government officials from Israel, Jordon and the United Arab Emirates signed a letter of intent at the Dubai Expo on Monday, pacing the way for the future export of Jordanian solar energy in exchange for Israeli desalinated water. Not only would the move help water-starved Jordan, but it would also shift Israel historic neighborhood status as an energy island and help the country meet climate targets [27].We achieve excellence every day through our partnership with our
prime contractor and Joint Venture partner contractor and joint
venture partner Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), who
continue to deliver the benefits of their experience and expertise
to the UAE program and through our regular interactions with
the global nuclear industry [28]. Abu Dhabi Investment Council
invests globally, there is a strong focus of investing in Abu
Dhabi?s economy [29]. Some of its significant investments include
substantial stakes in prominent organizations such as,
First Abu Dhabi Bank
Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank
Al Hilal Bank
Abu Dhabi National Insurance Company
Abu Dhabi Aviation Company
Abu Dhabi Investment Company (Investment AD). Active
investment strategies aim to generate superior risk adjusted returns
by investing in hedge funds and similar active trading mandates
across different strategies [29].
The function co-invests in individual transactions by partnering
with hedge funds and takes general partner stakes in hedge funds
and/or seed hedge funds [29]. Some of the Global strategies
include the following
• Relative Value Strategies
• Hedged Equity Strategies
• Macro Strategies
• Event Driven Strategies
• Systematic CTA
Abu Dhabi Investment Council mission is to assist the government of Abu Dhabi in achieving continuous financial success and wealth protection, while sustaining prosperity for the future. The vision is to be one of the world?s foremost effective and efficient investment institutions capable of managing assets and generating high and consistent returns over the long-term [29].
No country can solve these problems alone, and American cannot afford to be absent from the world stage. Investigating in strengthening our leadership abroad is also an investment in bolstering our security and prosperity at home. As President, I am determined to repair our alliances, renew our leadership in international institutions, reclaim our creditability and equip the American middle class to succeed in a global economy [2].For the Middle East to generate peace it is recommended that they cherish values: defending freedom, championing opportunity, upholding universal rights, respecting the rule of law, and treating every person with dignity. We have returned diplomacy to the center of our foreign policy and are committed to meeting today?s global challenges from a position of strength, working in close cooperation with our allies and partners. We will always stand with our friends around the world to protect our values and to advance peace, security, and prosperity for all [2].
As part of the agreement, Jordon would export about 600 megawatts of electricity generated from solar energy, while Israel would evaluate the export of up to 200 million cubic meters of desalinated water to Jordon, a point news release from the Israeli Energy Ministry and the UAE Foreign Ministry said. The collaboration was made possible due to the August 2020 Abraham Accords, which the countries described as opening a new area of cooperation between the United Arab Emirates and Israel [27]. “This is a message to the universe about how countries can work together to combat the climate crises”. Israeli Energy Minister Karine Elharrar said in a statement. “Isreal and Jordon are two countries with different need and capabilities that can help each other cope with challenges in a greener”.MIPCO incurs liabilities for failing to achieve targeted power and water availability, budgeted operating costs and if fuel demand is greater than projected demand [30]. Since November 3, 2019, our entire plant is operated by the Operator at arms? length in accordance with the Operation and Maintenance Agreement, the term of which is 25 years from the Commercial Operation Date [30].
