Author(s): Sambasivarao Yaragalla1*, Janice Chrysel Dsouza2, Dhruv Patel2, Meet Patel2, Okunlola Oluwasemilorei2, Chukwuebuni Onyebuchi Hannah2 and Ijeoma Nwabuokei2
This study was done to observe the effect of disinfectant for their antibacterial activities against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) organisms like Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Klebsiella pneumonia at St. Lucia. Procedures for infection control in hospital environments have not been successful in preventing the rise in infections by MDR pathogens. Pathogens are steadily developing resistance to chemical disinfectants and has been reported worldwide. So prevention of multidrug-resistant health care associated infections (HAI) has become a priority issue and great challenge to clinicians. This requires appropriate sterilization and disinfection procedures and strict adherence to protocol in infection control policy. There is a need to evaluate the efficacy of newer disinfectants which have come into the market for better control of health care associated infections (HAI) [1-4]. The Chemico - a combination of 60% Ethanol with Crude Coconut oil (dodecanoic acid) disinfectant and their activities were measured by estimating zones of inhibition as produced by antibiotic sensitivity method on Mueller-Hinton agar. The results of this research support for the use of Chemico disinfectant to prevent infectious diseases against Multi drug resistance pathogens in the hospital and research lab facilities. However further analysis is required to find out efficacy of disinfectant against enterococcus by increasing concentration
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health emergency that requires urgent attention. Most of the effort to prevent this coming catastrophe is occurring in high income countries and we do not know the extent of the problem in low and middle-income countries, largely because of low laboratory capacity coupled with lack of effective surveillance systems. Multi-drug resistant infections have been reported to account for mortality of at least 23,000 people in the United states annually while the magnitude of the problem in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) is projected to be three times higher [5-7].
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health emergency that requires urgent attention. Most of the effort to prevent this coming catastrophe is occurring in high income countries and we do not know the extent of the problem in low and middle-income countries, largely because of low laboratory capacity coupled with lack of effective surveillance systems. Multi-drug resistant infections have been reported to account for mortality of at least 23,000 people in the United states annually while the magnitude of the problem in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) is projected to be three times higher [5-7].
So, prevention of multidrug-resistant health care associated infections (HAI) has become a priority issue and great challenge to clinicians. This requires appropriate sterilization and disinfection procedures and strict adherence to protocol in infection control policy. There is a need to evaluate the efficacy of newer disinfectants which have come into the market for better control of HAI [8].
This study was done to observe the effect of Chemico- a combination of 60% Ethanol with Crude Coconut oil (dodecanoic acid) disinfectant for their antibacterial activities against multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms on Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Klebsiella pneumonia due to highly Drug Resistance mechanisms were reported by Genetically, formation of biofilm, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production, Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and other reasons has been considered for the dissemination of multidrug resistance among bacteria [9-16].
| ORGANISM | ANTIBIOTICS USED | ORGANISM & DISINFECTANT |
|---|---|---|
| Pseudomonas | Streptomycin (10), Vancomycin (30), Tetracycline (30), Penicillin (10), Disinfectant (dr. Shiva’s lab), Bacitracin (10) | St. Jude’s Hospital, Saint Lucia |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Tetracycline (30), Streptomycin (10), Vancomycin (30), Penicillin (10), Disinfectant, Bacitracin (10), Amoxicillin (30),TMP-SMX | St. Jude’s Hospital, Saint Lucia |
| Klebsiella | Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, Tetracycline (30), Vancomycin (30), Amoxicillin (30), Streptomycin (10),Disinfectant | St. Jude’s Hospital, Saint Lucia Chemico - Chemico Industry, SLU |
| Enterococcus | Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, Bacitracin (10), Vancomycin (30), Amoxicillin (30), Streptomycin (10),Disinfectant | St. Jude’s Hospital, Saint Lucia |
Four microbial species were employed as test organisms which include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus and Klebsiella which is obtained from St. Jude’s Hospital, Saint Lucia. The bacteria were grown in Mueller-Hinton Agar (MH). Inoculate were prepared by adding an overnight culture of the organism in MH broth to obtain an OD600 0.1. The cells were incubated to grow until they obtain the McFarland standard 0.5 (approximately 105-108 CFU/ml).
All antibiotics, Culture media and chemicals were obtained from Carolina Biological Ltd. (USA).
Microbial Isolate were stained by Gram stain. Microbes Identified by the presence of: Color, Shape and their arrangement.
Antibacterial activity of the Newer Disinfectant and antibiotics were tested using the agar diffusion Kirby bauer method on Muller Hinton agar with negative control. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and the zones of inhibition measured.
The combination of Disinfectant, antibiotics and bacterial samples was assessed by Disc diffusion method in department of microbiology using Muller Hinton agar media to see the antibacterial activity. The results obtained are presented in Table 1 for qualitative analysis of Anti-bacterial activity. Given is antibacterial activity in Figure 1,2,3,4 illustrates a representative plate showing the antibacterial activity of Newer Disinfectant that produced zones of inhibition against staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas and no inhibitory zone for Enterococcus and Klebsiella.
Table 1
| ORGANISMS | 1 DISINFECTANT | 2 BACI-TRACIN | 3 AMOXACILLIN (+CLAVULANIC ACID) | 4 TETRACYCLIN | 5 STREPTOMYCIN | 6 VANCOMYCIN | 7 PENI-CILLIN | 8 TMP-SMX |
| PSEUDOMONAS (FIG;1) | SENSITIVE | RESISTANT | ___ | RESISTANT | RESISTANT | RESISTANT | RESISTANT | ___ |
| STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (FIG;2) | SENSITIVE | RESISTANT | SENSITIVE | -------- | RESISTANT | RESISTANT | ------ | SENSITIVE |
| KLEBSIELLA (FIG;3) | INTERMEDIATE RESISTANCE | ___ | INTERMEDIATE RESISTANCE | RESISTANT | RESISTANT | RESISTANT | ___ | RESISTANT |
| ENTEROCOCCUS (FIG;4) | RESISTANT | RESISTANT | RESISTANT | ___ | RESISTANT | RESISTANT | ___ | RESISTANT |
Chemico- a combination of 60% Ethanol with Crude Coconut oil (dodecanoic acid) is the most effective disinfectant in our study. The agent can be considered as high level disinfectant for some of the pathogens like Pseudomonas and staphylococcus. So can be used specifically for routine hospital uses including instrument disinfection, floor cleaning and waste disposal. And further studies required to find out efficacy against enterococcus and klebsiella by increasing high concentration. Finally, Hospital environmental services, health care and surgical rooms must stay up to date on the most recent literature study about new disinfectant in the field to help ensure the safety of all educators, physicians, patients, visitors, staff and students to prevent infection
We are sincerely thankful for Dr. Gurumurthy and Dr. Sreekrishna Penna from Spartan health Sciences University, School of Medicine to his efforts to evaluate results, Institutional Review Board approval and completion of this work in the department of Microbiology and immunology. We would like to express special thankfulness to Dr. Rajeev Pandey for CHARCOAS Board approval at Spartan university. We are also thankful to the students of the summer 2018 and Fall 2018 batch includes Akash Gupta, Anthony Adeniyi, Aviraj Chauhan, Chiemekea Arize, Chimere Favour Adanna, Chiraag Ashokkumar, Drushti Birwatkar, Mirat Ayar, Oghenewaire Erhurhu, Sachika Gandhi, Saloni Doke, Siddharth Devmurari, Vaidehi Akhani, Navami Guru, Dagbue Sophia, Hernandez Aleyda San, Kamal sepla, Alrashid Zaid Arkan who actively involved and who helped in performing the research
